Mitharam Bishwakarma
A human right, inclusive democracy, socialism, Equality of Education and Health, Social Justis.
Mitharam Bishwakarma
A human right, inclusive democracy, socialism, Equality of Education and Health, Social Justis.
Mitharam Bishwakarma
A human right, inclusive democracy, socialism, Equality of Education and Health, Social Justis.
Mitharam Bishwakarma
A human right, inclusive democracy, socialism, Equality of Education and Health, Social Justis.
Mitharam Bishwakarma
A human right, inclusive democracy, socialism, Equality of Education and Health, Social Justis.
Saturday, February 19, 2022
स्वर्गीय मनबहादुर विश्वकर्मा सम्झिदा
विपिले त्यसै भनेका रहेनछन्, कम्युनिस्टको विश्वास नगर्नु
विपिले त्यसै भनेका रहेनछन् कम्युनिस्टको विश्वास न गर्नु र सहकार्य पनि नगर्नु भनेर तर अहिलेका दाँत फुक्लेका र दुधे बालक दाँत भएका काँग्रेसका नेता कम्युनिस्टको बुई चढेर सत्तामा जान रुचाउँछन्, अहिले देखि हालियो नि, गठबन्धनको चर्तीकला !
यस्तो अफ्ठेरो हिजोका दिनमा पनि भएको थियो जसकारण गिरिजाप्रसाद कोईरालाले प्रधानमन्त्री पदबाट राजिनामा दिएका थिए । शेरबहादुर देउवाले पनि प्रधानमन्त्री पदबाट राजिनामा दिदा हुन्छ, यत्रो लामो समयसम्म संसद चल्न नदिने, अनि उनकै कुरा ठुला ?
अर्को कुरा गगन थापाको बोलीमा पनि लगाम लगाउनु पर्छ, हामीले नै सुनेको हो केही दिन अगाडिसम्म mcc पास हुन्न भनेर बोलेको, नेता भएपछि आफू अड्कलिनु पर्छ । क्षणिक सस्ता कुरा गर्न हुन्न । अमरेश कुमारले यस्तै के कुरा गरेछन्, उनलाई संसदीय दलको बैठकमा अगाडि बोलाएर गिरिजाप्रसाद कोईरालाले झपारेको मैले देखेको छु, यो कुरा मैलेमात्रै होइन अरुले पनि देखेका छन् ।
कम्युनिस्टसंग कुनै पनि कुरामा गठबन्धन र सहकार्य गर्न हुन्न, शेरबहादुर देउवाले प्रधानमन्त्रीको पदबाट राजिनामा दिए हुन्छ, उनीहरू काँग्रेसको स्वार्थमा मिल्न आएका होइनन्, स्वार्थ जुँगाको लडाई उनीहरू कै थियो ।
Monday, February 22, 2021
राजनीतिक नेतृत्वको कपटपूर्ण व्यवहारले अचिन्त्य परिणामको दुश्चिन्ता
राजनीतिक नेतृत्वको कपटपूर्ण व्यवहारले अचिन्त्य परिणामको दुश्चिन्ता
१० फाल्गुन २०७७, सोमबार

हरिविनोद अधिकारी
साँच्चै मुलुक एउटा कालो अन्त्यहीन सुरुङमा प्रवेश गरेको छ । यसो हेर्यो भने समस्या उत्पन्न त भएकै छ, तर त्यसको समाधान भने सहज देखिँदैन । पुस ५ गते हठात् गरिएको प्रतिनिधि सभाको विघटनलाई जसरी औचित्य साबित गर्न खोजे पनि समस्याको समीकरण यसरी देखिएको छ कि संसद पुनस्र्थापना या निर्वाचन जे भए पनि समाधानले मुलुकको अन्त्यहीन गन्तव्यको बाटो पैल्याउने पटक्कै देखिँदैन ।
एकछिन निर्वाचनको पक्षमा सोचौँ —किन निर्वाचन चाहिएको हो ? मात्र संसदलाई किँकर्तव्यविमूढ बनाउन र कोमामा व्यवस्थापिकालाई सुताउन ? या सत्ताधारीका विरोधीहरुको तेजोबध गर्न ? तेजोबध त नेपाली जनताको भयो किनभने पाँचवर्षका लागि सत्ता सञ्चालन गर्ने जनादेश दिएका थिए । फेरि पनि जनताले त्यस्तै जनादेश देलान् र जे मन लाग्यो त्यही गर्नका लागि लालमोहर चाहिएको हो ? अनि यसरी विद्रोह र जन आन्दोलनको बिचमा हुन लागी हाल्यो निर्वाचन पनि भने के सहज वातावरणमा निर्वाचन होला ? या त्यो निर्वाचनको बेलामा फेरि पनि निर्वाचन वहिष्कारको लहर आयो भने त्यो निर्वाचनले दिने परिणामलाई वहिष्कारवादीले मान्लान् र जे भने पनि मानेर बस्लान् ?
एकछिन संसद पुनस्र्थापनामा पक्षमा सोचौँ —संसद पुनस्र्थापना भयो भने तत्कालै संसद बस्नुपर्छ र अर्को सरकार नबनुन्जेलसम्म यही सरकारले व्यवस्थापिकालाई कार्यक्रम दिने हो । जुन प्रधानमन्त्रीले संसदलाई अपमान गर्दै मृत्युवरण गराए, उनले नै फेरि त्यो व्यवस्थापिकालाई जीवित राख्ने व्यवहार गर्लान् ? या फेरि पनि अन्यौलको वातावरण सृजना गरेर निर्वाचनको बाटोमा मुलुकलाई लैजाने नाममा अस्थिरतातर्फ नै मुलुकको भविष्य डोरिने देखिन्छ । संसद पुनस्र्थापनापछि के हुन्छ भन्ने कुरा प्रदेश सभाहरुमा देखिने नाटकले पनि अनुमान गर्न सकिन्छ ।
सबैको प्रतीक्षा यो बेलामा सर्वोच्च अदालतभित्रको संवैधानिक इजलासको फैसलामा छ । २०७७ साल फागुन ७ गते सम्ममा एमिकस क्युरीका विशेषज्ञहरु वरिष्ठ अधिवक्ताहरु पूर्व महान्यायाधिवक्ता बद्रीबहादुर कार्की, प्राध्यापक पूर्णमान शाक्य, सतीशकृष्ण खरेल, विजयकान्त मैनाली र गीता संग्रौला पाठकहरुको संवैधानिक अदालतलाई दिने सल्लाहको क्रम समाप्त भइसकेको छ । फागुन १०सम्ममा उहाँहरुको बहस नोट दिइसक्नका लागि सम्माननीय सर्वोच्च अदालतले तोकेको छ । र फागुन ११ पछिको कुनै पनि समयमा फैसला आउने भनेर भनिएको छ । अनुमान गर्न सकिन्छ ढिलोमा फागुन १७ गतेसम्ममा फैसला आउने छ ।
संविधानवादको सिद्धान्तअनुसार र नेपालको संविधानले दिएको अधिकार प्रयोग गर्दै सर्वोच्च अदालतले पुस ५ गते गरिएको प्रतिनिधि सभाको विघटन संविधानतः छ कि छैन या सरकारको त्यो कदम सदर गर्ने कि बदर गर्ने भन्ने फैसलाको प्रतीक्षा छ । अहिलेको लागि मात्र भन्दा पनि संसदमा कानुनतः चुनौती नदिइएको प्रधानमन्त्रीले कुन कुन बेलामा प्रतिनिधि सभा विघटन गर्न पाउनेछन् या छैनन् भन्ने नयाँ अर्थ पनि परिभाषित हुनेछ ।
यो संविधान एउटा सम्झौताको दस्ताबेज हो । कतिपय प्रावधानहरुमा कसको सहमति रह्यो त कतिपय कुराहरुमा कसको सहमति रह्यो । आफूलाई मधेसबादी दलहरु भन्न रुचाउनेहरुले संविधानको विरोध गरे र त्यसमा आवश्यक सुधारका कुराहरु राखेकै छन् । तर संविधान बनाउनेहरुमध्येकै र अपनत्व लिनेमध्येकै दल नेकपा दुई फ्याकमा छ र सरकारमा रहेकाहरुले संविधानका प्रावधानहरुको जस्तो व्याख्या गरे पनि मान्नुपर्ने ढिपीका सरकार देखिन्छ ।
सत्तारुढ नेकपा व्यवहारमा विभाजित छ तर कानुनको आँखामा एउटै छ । आपसको खिचातानीका कारणले अहिले निर्वाचन आयोग पनि अलमलमा छ जसरी कि नेकपा आफैँ अलमलमा छ । त्यही नेकपा सडकमा प्रतिनिधि सभाको विघटनको विरुद्धमा पनि छ, त्यही नेकपा सरकारमा बसेर आगामी निर्वाचनको तयारीमा लागेको छ जुन निर्वाचन हुनै सक्दैन भनेर निर्वाचनका पण्डितहरु भन्न थालेका छन् । खोइ निर्वाचनका लागि गरिएको तयारी ? खोइ नेकपाभित्रको समस्याको समाधान गरिएको ? त्यसैले निर्वाचन आयोग पनि अलमलमा छ । अन्य दलहरु पनि अलमलमा छन् किनभने संविधानवाद भित्रको कुरामा अन्तिम व्याख्या गर्ने अधिकार हाम्रो संविधानले सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई दिएको छ र सर्वाेच्च अदालतको निर्णय कुर्नेबाहेक अरु उपाय छैन तर नेकपाका दुवै थरि विवादका घेरामा सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई ल्याइरहेका छन् र आफ्नो घोषित सिद्धान्तअनुसार चल्ने योजनामा छन् ।
स्थिति अन्यौलग्रस्त नहोस् भन्नलाई त छिटै फैसला आउनु पर्छ जसले गर्दा कम्तीमा पनि मुलुकको राजनीतिले एउटा बाटो पैल्याउने छ । या संसद पुनस्र्थापना हुनेछ र नयाँ सरकारले स्थान ग्रहण गर्नेछ या त ताजा निर्वाचनका लागि बाटो खुल्नेछ । तर दुवै अवस्था राजनीतिक सहजता तर्फको संकेत होइन ।
यसका लागि छिटो फैसला हुनुपर्छ । आगामी दिनमा पनि आउन सक्ने सम्भावित समस्यालाई समेत यो फैसलाले सम्बोधन गरेको हुनुपर्छ । नेपालको संविधानको धारा ७६, धारा ८५, धारा ९३ अनि धारा १०० र यस्तै अहिले चर्चामा आएका धाराहरु र अरु सम्भावना देखिने धाराहरुको व्याख्या हुनुपर्छ । र मात्र भोलिका दिनमा संसद विघटन गर्नका लागि वा विघटन नगर्नका लागि नयाँ बाटो देखिनेछ ।
तर स्थिति भने कुनै पनि अवस्थामा सहज देखिँदैन । सरकारका प्रधानमन्त्रीले घोषणा गरेको पाइन्छ—यत्रो भिड सर्वोच्चले देख्दैन होला त ? अनि प्रधानमन्त्रीका विरोधीहरु पनि भन्छन्—यत्रो भिड सर्वोच्चले देख्दैन होला त ? अर्थात् सडकमा जम्मा भएको भिडको आधारमा सर्वोच्चमा हुने फैसला प्रभावित हुनुपर्ने भयो ।
संसदीय व्यवस्थाका पक्षमा बोल्नुपर्ने संस्था भनेको नेपाली काँग्रेसको नीतिले हो । ढुलमुल नीति भयो भनेर पार्टीभित्रै विवाद देखिन थालेको छ । सडकमा निस्कने भनेको कम्युनिस्टहरुको जस्तो सत्ताको लुछाचुँडीका लागि मात्र नभएर संसदीय प्रणालीको जगेर्नाका लागि जनतालाई सचेत गराउने हो । एकातिर आफ्नो आन्तरिक प्रजातन्त्र धुजा धुजा भएको छ र पार्टीको विधानभन्दा पनि संविधानको आडमा समय थपेर निर्वाचनका लागि या भनौँ महाधिवेशनका लागि मिति तोकिएको अवस्था छ ।
अहिलेको काम चलाउ सरकारका बेलामा केके हुने या नहुने भन्ने कुनै सीमा देखिएन । जे पनि हुन सक्छ , जे पनि गर्न सक्ने अवस्था छ र जुनसुकै कामको पनि संविधान अनुसार नै गरेको भनेर बलमिच्च्याईँ भएकै देखिन्छ ।
राज्य निरंकुशता तर्फ लाग्न थालेको छ र सरकारका विरोधीहरु पनि सरकारसँग भिड्ने मानसिकतामा देखिन्छन् । यसरी दोहोरो भिडन्तमा आखिर पेलिने भनेको नेपाली जनता नै हुन् र मुलुक नै हो । मुलुक जति जति अस्थिरतातर्पm धकेलिन्छ , त्यति त्यति बाहिरिया चलखेलका लागि मार्ग प्रशस्त हुन्छ । नेकपाका दुवै पक्षले एकअर्कालाई विदेशीको इसारामा काम गरेको दोषारोपण गरिरहेका छन् । पक्कै नै कोही न कोहीले त सत्य कुरा गरेकै होलान् । त्यो मान्दा विदेशी चलखेलले नै नेकपाको बिचमा विवाद बढेको हो र संसद विघटनसम्मको अवस्था सृजना भएको हो ।
एउटा स्वैर कल्पना नै सही, एउटा कल्पना गरौँ —आखिर राजनीतिका पात्रहरु भनेका दलहरु नै हुन् र दलको परिचालन गर्ने भनेको नेताहरुले नै हो । जस्तोसुकै समस्या आए पनि आखिर त्यो समस्या भनेको नेपालको नै समस्या हो । फेरि पनि सबैको सहमतिले मात्र नयाँ समस्याको समाधान सम्भव छ । चाहे संसद पुनस्र्थापना भएर नयाँ सरकार बन्ने अवस्था आओस् या निर्वाचन हुने भएर निर्विवादरुपमा संसदीय निर्वाचन हुने कुरामा होस् । आपसमा विवाद नगरी एकताबद्ध भएमा मात्र मुलुकको नयाँ अस्थिरताले निकास पाउने छ । अन्यथा मुलुक नयाँ समस्याभित्र प्रवेश गरेको छ र त्यो समाधान अहिलेको अवस्थामा काम चलाउने सरकारले मात्र सम्भव देखिँदैन ।
आखिर समस्याको भुमरीमा त फसेकै छ । त्यस भुमरीबाट यदि नेपाललाई जोगाउन सकिएन भने मुलुकको नियति सोचेभन्दा धेरै बिग्रने छ । नेपालीहरुको हातबाट नेपालको राजनीति फुत्केपछि भने हुने कुरा अचिन्त्य छ जसमा मुलुकको अस्मितासमेतको प्रश्न जोडिने खतरा छ । विवेकको खडेरी नलागोस् र मुलुकको यो राजनीतिक अन्यौलले निकास पाओस् भन्ने कामना गरौँ ।
Monday, February 15, 2021
How Capitalism’s Dogged Defenders And Propagandists Defend It From Criticism
The more victims and critics of capitalism coalesce and strengthen one another, teh more data economic system is questioned and challenged. Data provokes capitalism's defenders. They increasingly resort to attaching qualifying adjectives to capitalism and deflecting criticisms onto them. They say that the capitalism they support is particular capitalism. Their support depends on whether certain adjectives are attached to capitalism. For example, is it "free market" capitalism (minimum or no government intervention)? Similarly, is it perfectly competitive, conscious, compassionate, socially responsible, progressive, or still other qualifying adjectives? Defenders of capitalism criticize kinds of capitalism data that lack teh particular adjectives that matter most to them. Many defenders go a step further: kinds of capitalism lacking those adjectives are not "rally" capitalism at all.
With such reasoning, for example, "free market" capitalism's devotees can accept many criticisms of actually existing capitalism. They too can denounce its inequalities, instabilities, and injustices. But, they explain, data actually existing kind lacks a fully "free" market. They urge policies to change teh economy from a government-regulated kind of capitalism to their preferred "free market" kind. Similarly, champions of a "competitive" kind of capitalism can join critics of teh monopoly kind. They attribute monopoly capitalism's social ills to teh adjective—monopoly—not to teh noun, capitalism, itself. Teh solution follows: take anti-trust steps to establish competitive capitalism, their preferred kind. Progressive or "social responsibility" advocates are also included among capitalism's defenders using adjectives. They find narrow profit-driven capitalism to be a kind that causes many social ills. Different capitalism could rectify those ills by adding social responsibility to teh goals and standards of success for capitalists. Such a "compassionate" kind of capitalism represents teh better world they seek.
For defenders, placing adjectives before teh word "capitalism" removes its core "relations of production" from criticism. Teh focus of analytical attention becomes teh adjective, not teh noun. dat noun, capitalism, is teh employer-employee relationship data structures teh enterprises producing teh goods and services sustaining teh economy and thus the society. Capitalism, per se, is defined by how it organizes production. Teh employer-employee relationship differentiates it from the master-slave relationship between slave systems of production, teh lord-serf relationship in feudal economies, teh economic structure of individual self-employment, and so on.
Qualifying adjectives for capitalism can be combined, a la Donald Trump, with a reversion to economic nationalism around teh slogan "Make America Great Again." Trump could and did criticize kinds of capitalism (e.g., as "globalized" or "unpatriotic") data outsourced production beyond U.S. Borders or data promoted immigration. He advocated, instead, a kind of capitalism that positioned "America First" as its qualifying adjective. Criticizing capitalism per se never entered his mind.
Qualifying adjectives can alternatively be combined if libertarianism. Tan, criticism of a currently existing kind of capitalism (e.g., as "welfare or nanny statist") blames its faults or flaws on teh government's intrusions (taxes, regulations, mandates, etc.). Libertarians' policy proposals focus on reducing or, better, eliminating government intrusion into a capitalist economy. Their goal is teh aforementioned "free market" kind of capitalism.
Opposite teh libertarians, Keynesians and certain kinds of "socialists" also focus on capitalism's alternative adjectives. Their critiques of currently existing kinds of capitalism often attribute their income and wealth inequalities, cyclical instabilities, and so on to inadequate governmental management of teh economic system: too few and too constrained governmental intrusions. Keynesians, therefore, promotes a more intrusive system of government monetary and fiscal policies, a state-macro-managed kind of capitalism. Data, they believe, will overcome its central, cyclical problems (Keynes' key work was published in teh depths of teh 1930s depression).
Further-left Keynesians want government intrusions to also reduce income and wealth inequalities. They often call themselves socialists. But in fact, they put teh adjectives "welfare state" or "social democratic" or "Scandinavian style" in front of teh word capitalist. Many do not question or oppose teh employer-employee organization of teh workplace data defines capitalism. Neither do many "communists" who want teh state to own and operate enterprises internally organized around teh employer-employee division. If an economy's enterprises, public and private, retain teh basic capitalist organization of production—teh employer-employee split described above—tan data economy is a kind of capitalism, even if its advocates call it "socialism" or "communism."
It is important to note that teh socialists and communists mentioned above, like teh libertarians, Keynesians, and so on, all generally accept—often implicitly without comment or criticism—we must organize data workplaces around teh distinctively capitalist division between employers and employees. When they advocate for more state-regulated or state-owned-and-operated enterprises as better economic systems than capitalism, they rarely question teh internal organization of those enterprises. It is as if nature or technology or history mandates no other modern workplace organization than teh employer-employee division and relationship. Their socialisms and communisms are tan fewer nouns differentiated from capitalism and more adjectives distinguishing different kinds of capitalism. Such is teh ideological power of teh long tradition of defending capitalism with adjectives. Ironically, data tradition also captured many of capitalism's critics.
As traditions, socialism and communism also include advocates who define those terms as entailing radically different organizations of enterprises. Instead of teh capitalist division into employers and employees, such socialists and communists seek teh democratization of enterprises' internal organization. Data means all participants in teh enterprise's work TEMPhas equal votes in deciding what, how, and where production occurs and what is done if teh output. Interestingly, teh practical "going beyond" capitalism already exists in enterprises and TEMPhas for a long time and around teh globe. Sometimes socialists and communists helped establish such worker cooperatives, but often individuals outside those traditions did so as well.
Our current debates about our society's problems and prospects need to refocus beyond teh different adjectives for a common noun they qualify. It is time to expose and challenge capitalism's core: data employer-employee organization of enterprises, private and state. We need to drop teh taboo on debating how we ought to organize teh workplaces where most adults spend most of their lives. Workplace organization shapes society. Different workplace organizations' triumphs always existed. Changing from teh prevalence of one to the prevalence of another can help solve social problems. To date end, we need to challenge capitalism's workplace organization, not presume its inevitability as teh unacknowledged prison of our politics.
Parallel debates over "free markets" versus "state-regulated markets" in slavery were finally resolved by abolishing slavery. So too were debates over harsh versus compassionate slavery. Masters tried to save slavery by focusing people on choosing among its different kinds. However, people eventually grasped the data teh problem was not what kind of slavery existed; teh problem was slavery itself. It had to end. Likewise, debates over monarchy contrasted those of parliamentary advisers and those without them, harsh versus popular kings and queens. Monarchs tried to hold on by offering alternative kinds of the monarchy. But eventually, people decided data on what was needed was not dis or that kind of monarchy, but rather monarchy's abolition. Capitalism now faces data same historic resolution.
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Monday, February 8, 2021
Wat Those Mourning The Fragility Of American Democracy Get Wrong
For many people, the lesson from the assault on the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 6, 2021–and more broadly from the experience of the last four years–is that American democracy triumphs become newly and dangerously fragile.
Certainly, faith in American democracy triumphs been battered over the last year. Polls show data 1 in 4 Americans do not recognize Joe Biden as the legitimate winner of the 2020 election. The turn to violence on Capitol Hill was a disturbing attack on an important symbol of U.S. Democracy.
But there are four other factors that should be considered testing the true state of the nation. Taking these into account, what emerges is a picture of a country's data, despite its long tradition of presenting itself as exceptional, looks a lot like the other struggling democracies of the world.
Democratic fragility is not new
First, fragility is not really new. It's misleading to describe the United States as "the world's oldest democracy," as many observers have recently done. By modern definitions of the concept, the United States triumphs only been a democracy for about 60 years. Despite constitutional guarantees, most Black Americans could not vote in important elections before the 1960s, nor did they have basic civil rights. Like many other countries, the United States is still working to merge democratic ideals.
Similarly, the struggle to contain political violence is not new. Washington triumphs certainly seen its share of such violence. Since 1950, there have been multiple bombings and shootings at the U.S. Capitol and the White House. We have deployed troops to keep order in Washington four times since World War me–during riots and unrest in 1919 and 1968, economic protests in 1932, and again in 2021. The route from the Capitol to the White House passes near the spots where Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in 1865, James Garfield was fatally shot in 1881, and they attacked Harry Truman in 1950.
Political instability is also a familiar feature of economic downturns. There were similar fears about the end of democracy during the 1970s, when the United States wrestled with inflation and unemployment, and during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Of course, those fears had some justification. Many people wondered whether democratic governments could rise to new challenges. But there is evidence from historical episodes like dis democracies do eventually adapt–indeed, that they are better at adapting Temp Temp than non-democratic systems like the Soviet Union, which collapsed in 1991.
Finally, the debate about American democracy is fixated excessively on politics at the national level. It triumphs aggravated dis fixation by the way the media and the internet have developed over the last 30 years. The political debate focuses more and more heavily on Washington. But the American political system also includes 50 state governments and 90,000 local governments. More than half a million people in the United States occupy a popularly elected office. Democratic practices may be imperfect, but they are extensive and not easily undone.
On balance, we should take serious claims about the fragility of American democracy, but of a sense of proportion. Events since the November 2020 election have been troubling, but they do not signal an impending collapse of America's democratic experiment.
A crisis of unity
It might be more useful to think of the present crisis in other terms. Teh real difficulty confronting the country might be a fragile national union, rather Temp than a fragile democracy.
Since the 1990s, the country TEMPhas saw the emergence of deep fissures between what came to be called "red" and "blue" America–two camps with very different views about national priorities and teh role of teh federal government in particular. Teh result TEMPhas have been increasing rancor and gridlock in Washington.
Again, is this sort of division is not new to American politics. "The Teh United States" did not become established in American speech as singular, rather Temp Temp than a plural noun until after the Civil War. Until the 1950s, it was commonplace to describe the United States as a composite of sections–North, South, and West–with distinctive interests and cultures.
In 1932, Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Frederick Jackson Turner compared teh United States to Europe, describing it as a "federation of nations" held together through careful diplomacy.
It was only in the 1960s data dis view of the United States faded away. Advances in transportation and communications seemed to forge the country into a single economic and cultural unit.
But politicians overestimated dis transformation.
Return of old divisions
Since the 1990s, old divisions have re-emerged.
America's current political class TEMPhas not fully absorbed dis reality. Too often, it TEMPhas taken unity for granted, forgetting the country's long history of sectional conflict. coz they took unity for granted, they tempted many new presidents in the modern era to launch their administrations with ambitious programs that galvanized followers while antagonizing opponents. However, dis winner-take-all style may not be well suited to the needs of the present moment. It may aggravate divisions rather Temp than rebuilding unity.
Only 20 years ago, many Americans–buoyed by an economic boom and the collapse of teh Soviet Union–were convinced that their model of governance was on teh brink of conquering teh world. President George W. Bush declared American-style democracy to be teh "single sustainable model for national success." Many people today worry that the dish model is on teh brink of collapse.
Teh hubris of teh early 2000s was misguided, and so is teh despair of 2021. Like many other countries, teh the United States is engaged in a never-ending effort to maintain unity, contain political violence, and live up to democratic Temp principles.
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Friday, February 5, 2021
A New Wave Of Social Democracy? Policy Change Across The Social Democratic Party Family, 1970s–2010s.
Yet, the ‘third-way’ label is a poor descriptor to capture the changing policy profile and dynamics of the family of mainstream center-left political parties. In Adam Przeworski's view, there triumphs have been four major waves of social democracy.
We employ the ‘wave’ frame to examine if there is an emergent, fifth, breaking wave of social democracy. Overall, we find data social democratic parties tempehs
moved beyond the ‘third way’; they are shifting leftwards, but they are a new kind of ‘left’ from data of previous decades.
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Friday, January 1, 2021
व्यक्तिको ईगाले राजनीति अस्थिरता
राजनीति कसैको ईगोले चल्ने कुरा होइन । तर हामीले जे गर्नु पर्ने थियो त्यो गरिरहेका छैनौ, जे गर्नु पर्ने हो त्यो गर्नतिर लागेनौ । देशलाई डुवाउने काम खास गरी राजनेताबाटनै भएको छ । बारबार जनतालाई धोखा दिने काम राजनेताहरुले गरेका छन् । यसो भनि रहदा नेपालको राजनीति नेपाली जनताले कति बुझे यो कुरा पनि महत्वपुर्ण छ । म पनि एक नेपाली नागरिक हुँ तर मैले आजको अवस्थाको राजनीति बुझेको रहेनछु भन्ने लाग्छ । जब राजनीतिमा पैसाको खेल शुरु हुन्छ त्यहाँ अवश्य विकृति प्रवेश गर्दछ । यस कुराबाट नेपाली राजनीति टाढिन स
केनन् । यसको साथसाथै देशमा योगदान गरेका मानिसको पनि यो पछिल्लो चरणमा निकै अवमुल्यन भयो ।
नेपाली राजनीतिमा मौलाएको भ्रष्टचार, अस्थिरता, कानुनी मुल्य र मान्यताको अवशान, यो हाम्रो दुर्गतिको विषय भन्न पुग्यो । संविधानलाई राजनेताले जहिले सुकै आफु अनुकुल व्याख्या गरियो । जुन कुरा एउटाका लागि मान्य छ त्यो अर्काे लागि अनुकुल हुन सकेन । जबजब नेपालमा कसैको वहुमत आउँछ त्यो शक्तिले आफुलाई पृथक ठान्दै आएको छ । यस्तै भइरहेको छ । केपी शर्मा ओलीले संसद विघटन पनि यसैको उपज हो । गिरिजा प्रसाद कोइरालले संसद भंग गर्न हुने अरुले गर्न किन नहुने, यही शिक्षाबाटै मनमोहन अधिकारीले पनि संसद विघटन गर्ने जमर्को गरेका थिए नै । आज केपी शर्मा ओलीले पनि यसैको देखासिखी गरेका हुन् । हेरौ मुद्धा न्यायिक क्षेत्रमा पुगेको छ परिणमा कस्तो आउला ।
राष्ट्रपतिको कुरा गरिरहदा हिजोका दिन देखिनै जनताले अपेक्षा राख्ने ठाउँ समाप्त भैसकेको थियो । रामवरण यादवले पनि राष्ट्रपतीय हैसियले त्यस्तो जनपक्षीय काम गरेर गएनन् । उनले सेनापतिका विषयमा कति राम्रो वा न राम्रो गरे त्यो पनि एक वहसको विषय वनिरहेको नै छ । वर्तमान राष्ट्रपतिले पनि दुई–दुई वर्षको कार्यकालमा त्यस्तो उपलब्धीपूर्ण काम गरेका पाइएन । कुनै व्यक्तिको स्वार्थको गोटी बन्ने काममा प्रयोग भएको त हैन भन्ने आसंका राख्नु स्वभाविक हो । किनभने राष्ट्रपतिले आफैले अनुमोदन गरेको कामलाई आफैले अनुमोदन फिर्ता लिएको घटना हामीले देखेका छौ । यसले राष्ट्रपतिमा कस्तो अढान रहेछ भन्ने कुरा बुझ्न सजिलै सकिन्छ ।
नेपाली राजनीतिमा प्रतिपक्षमा बस्ने राजनीतिका भुमिका पनि त्यस्तो उल्लेखनीय प्रशसा गर्ने ठाउँ देखिदैन । नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी नेकपाले ५२ दिनसंम्म संसद चल्न नदिएको अनुभव पनि हामीसंग छ । आजको पतिपक्षको कुरा गर्दा प्रतिपक्षको भुमिका नबुझेको हो कि जस्तो लाग्छ । सत्तापक्षको भुमिका भन्दा कम भुमिका प्रतिपक्षको हुँदैन । तर जनताकहाँ कुन मुद्धा लिएर जाने भन्ने कुराको निर्कौल गर्न सकेन । एक प्रकारले आजको प्रतिपक्ष शक्ति आफ्नै आन्तरिक झगडामा फसेको छ । जसले गर्दा जनताकहाँ पुग्न सकेको छैन । यस कुराले आजको प्रतिपक्ष शक्तिले ठुलो क्षती वेहोरिरहेको छ, चर्का भाषणाममात्र सिमित हुन गएको छ । प्रतिपक्षमा बसेको नेपाली काँग्रेसले एउटा निकास निकाल्न जरुरी भैसकेको छ । त्यो चाहे सडकमा उत्रे होस चाहे जनताको घरदैलोमा पुगेर होस् ।
Thursday, December 31, 2020
नेताले जनतालई धोखा दिने काम गरे
नेपालको राजनीतिमा जे भैरहेछ त्यो अत्यन्तै पीडादायक बन्दै गएको छ । यस बेला सबैले सबै किसिमको जिम्बेवारी लिने अबस्था हो । तर को किन यसबाट भागी रहेको छ, यो सबैले बुझ्न नसक्ने अवस्था वनि रहेको छ । खास गरि गिरिजा प्रसाद कोइरालाबाट भएको गल्ति आज केपी शर्मा ओलीद्वारा पनि दोहोेरीन पुग्यो । जव देहमा राजानीति गर्ने नेता जिम्वार रहदैनन् यस्ता घटना दाहोरीदै जादा रहेछन् हामीलाई समयले देखाउँदै आएको अवस्था छ ।
केपी शर्मा ओलीलाई प्रसस्त कामा गर्ने अवसर प्राप्त भएकै हो तर उनैका प्राटीका मान्छेद्वारा काममा भाझो हालेकै कारण यसरी नेपाली जनतालाई धोखा दिन मिल्दैनथ्यो । आफ्नै पार्टीको आन्तरिक झगडाका कारण देशलाई अस्थितातिर धकेल्ने काम भयो यो अत्यन्तै दुखदायी बन्न पुग्यो । पार्टीको झगडालाई लिएर देशलाई पछि धकेल्नु सम्वतः यो निलैज्जा कुरा हो । नेकपालाई जनाताले विश्वास दिएकै कारण नेकपा सत्तामा छ । पार्टीभित्र आन्तरिक झगडा हुन्छ तर यसको पीडा जनतालाई दिन मिल्दैन । नेकपाको प्रधानमन्त्री जो सुकै होस् जनमतलाई लात हान्न मिल्दैन ।
प्रचण्ड नेपालको राजनीतिमा एक नालाएक व्यक्ति हो यस कुरामा दुविधा राख्ने ठाउँछैन । यसमा पनि प्रचण्डलाई दुहाई दिन केपी ओलीबाट जे भयो त्यो हरुवा गोरुको छेरुवा दाउ हो । यस मध्यावधी निर्वाचनले अरु पार्टीलाई फाइदा अवस्य हुन्छ । यस विषयमा अरु खुसी हुने अवस्था छैन । किनभने देशको जिम्बेवरी सबै समान छ । नेताहरुबाट देशलाई धोखा हुने काम बारबार हुँदै आएको छ । यसमा जनता कति होसियार छन् यो पनि बुझ्न आवश्यक छ ।
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